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- Lyme Disease
- Lyme Arthritis
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Lyme disease is a tick-transmitted inflammatory disorder
- characterized by an early focal skin lesion, and subsequently a growing
- red area on the skin (erythema chronicum migrans or ECM). The disorder
- may be followed weeks later by neurological, heart or joint
- abnormalities.
-
-
- Symptomatology
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- The first symptom of Lyme disease is a skin lesion. Known as
- erythema chronicum migrans, or ECM, this usually begins as a red
- discoloration (macule) or as an elevated round spot (papule). The skin
- lesion usually appears on an extremity or on the trunk, especially the
- thigh, buttock or the under arm. This spot expands, often with central
- clearing, to a diameter as large as 50 cm (c. 12 in.). Approximately
- 25% of patients with Lyme disease report having been bitten at that
- site by a tiny tick 3 to 32 days before onset of ECM. The lesion may be
- warm to touch. Soon after onset nearly half the patients develop
- multiple smaller lesions without hardened centers. ECM generally lasts
- for a few weeks. Other types of lesions may subsequently appear during
- resolution. Former skin lesions may reappear faintly, sometimes before
- recurrent attacks of arthritis. Lesions of the mucous membranes do not
- occur in Lyme disease.
-
- The most common symptoms accompanying ECM, or preceding it by a
- few days, may include malaise, fatigue, chills, fever, headache and
- stiff neck. Less commonly, backache, muscle aches (myalgias), nausea,
- vomiting, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, and an enlarged spleen may
- also be present.
-
- Most symptoms are characteristically intermittent and changing,
- but malaise and fatigue may linger for weeks.
-
- Arthritis is present in about half of the patients with ECM,
- occurring within weeks to months following onset and lasting as long as
- 2 years. Early in the illness, migratory inflammation of many joints
- (polyarthritis) without joint swelling may occur. Later, longer
- attacks of swelling and pain in several large joints, especially the
- knees, typically recur for several years. The knees commonly are much
- more swollen than painful; they are often hot, but rarely red.
- Baker's cysts (a cyst in the knee) may form and rupture.
-
- Those symptoms accompanying ECM, especially malaise, fatigue and
- low-grade fever, may also precede or accompany recurrent attacks of
- arthritis. About 10% of patients develop chronic knee involvement
- (i.e. unremittent for 6 months or longer).
-
- Neurological abnormalities may develop in about 15% of patients
- with Lyme disease within weeks to months following onset of ECM, often
- before arthritis occurs. These abnormalities commonly last for months,
- and usually resolve completely. They include:
-
- 1. lymphocytic meningitis or meningoencephalitis
- 2. jerky involuntary movements (chorea)
- 3. failure of muscle coordination due to dysfunction of the
- cerebellum (cerebellar ataxia)
- 4. cranial neuritis including Bell's palsy (a form of facial
- paralysis)
- 5. motor and sensory radiculo-neuritis (symmetric weakness, pain,
- strange sensations in the extremities, usually occurring first
- in the legs)
- 6. injury to single nerves causing diminished nerve response
- (mononeuritis multiplex)
- 7. inflammation of the spinal cord (myelitis).
-
- Abnormalities in the heart muscle (myocardium) occur in
- approximately 8% of patients with Lyme disease within weeks of ECM.
- They may include fluctuating degrees of atrioventricular block and,
- less commonly, inflammation of the heart sack and heart muscle
- (myopericarditis) with reduced blood volume ejected from the left
- ventricle and an enlarged heart (cardiomegaly).
-
- When Lyme Disease is contracted during pregnancy, the fetus may or
- may not be adversely affected, or may contract congenital Lyme Disease.
- In a study of nineteen pregnant women with Lyme Disease, fourteen had
- normal pregnancies and normal babies.
-
- If Lyme Disease is contracted during pregnancy, possible fetal
- abnormalities and premature birth can occur.
-
-
- Etiology
- ~~~~~~~~
- Lyme disease is caused by a spirochete bacterium (Borrelia
- Burgdorferi) transmitted by a small tick called Ixodes dammini. The
- spirochete is probably injected into the victim's skin or bloodstream
- at the time of the insect bite. After an incubation period of 3 to 32
- days, the organism migrates outward in the skin, is spread through the
- lymphatic system or is disseminated by the blood to different body
- organs or other skin sites.
-
- Lyme Disease was first described in 1909 in European medical
- journals. The first outbreak in the United States occurred in the
- early 1970's in Old lyme, Connecticut. An unusually high incidence of
- juvenile arthritis in the area led scientists to investigate and
- identify the disorder. In 1981, Dr. Willy Burgdorfer identified the
- bacterial spirochete organism (Borrelia Burgdorferi) which causes this
- disorder.
-
-
- Affected Population
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Lyme Disease occurs in wooded areas with populations of mice and
- deer which carry ticks, and can be contracted during any season of the
- year.
-
- Related Disorders
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Rheumatoid Arthritis is a disorder similar in appearance to Lyme
- disease. However, the pain in rheumatoid arthritis is usually more
- pronounced. Morning stiffness and symmetric joint swelling more
- commonly occur in rheumatoid arthritis, and knotty lumps under the skin
- may be present over bony prominences. Bony decalcification which can
- be prominent in Rheumatoid Arthritis is detected on X-rays.
-
- Brachial Neuritis, also known as Parsonnage-Turner Syndrome, is a
- common inflammation of a group of nerves that supply the arm, forearm,
- and hand (brachial plexus). It is characterized by severe neck pain in
- the area above the collarbone (supraclavicular) that may radiate down
- the arm and into the hand. There also may be weakness and numbness
- (hyperesthesia) of the fingers and hands. Although many cases have no
- apparent cause, this syndrome may occur following an immunization
- (tetanus or diptheria), surgery, or infection with Lyme Disease.
-
- Therapies: Standard
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- For adults with Lyme disease the antibiotic tetracycline is the
- drug of choice. Penicillin V and erythromycin have also been used. In
- children penicillin V is recommended rather than tetracycline.
- Penicillin V is now recommended for neurological abnormalities. It is
- not yet clear whether antibiotic treatment is helpful later in the
- illness when arthritis is the most predominant symptom. Treatment
- should be started as soon as the rash appears, even before the Enzyme
- Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay (ELISA) test is completed. Results of
- this test may be inaccurate if patients have had antibiotics soon after
- contracting Lyme Disease, or in those who have weakened immune systems.
-
- If lyme Disease is contracted during pregnancy, careful monitoring
- by physicians is highly recommended to avoid possible fetal
- abnormalities and/or complications.
-
- For tense knee joints due to increased fluid flowing in the joint
- spaces (effusions), the use of crutches is often helpful. Aspiration
- of fluid and injection of a corticosteroid may be beneficial. If the
- patient with Lyme disease has marked functional limitation, excision of
- the membrane lining the joint (synovectomy) may be performed for
- chronic (6 months or more despite therapy) knee effusions, but
- spontaneous remission can occur after more than a year of continuous
- knee involvement.
-
- When Lyme Disease is contracted during pregnancy, treatment with
- penicillin should begin immediately to avoid the possibility of fetal
- abnormalities.
-
- In 1989 a new Lyme Disease antibody test, manufactured by
- Cambridge Biosciences Corp., was approved by the FDA. This test is
- being used by local laboratories throughout the nation, making tests
- more available to the general population. However, it is 97% specific
- for antibodies to Lyme disease when compared to Western blot tests, but
- it cannot identify the live bacteria in patients who have not yet
- developed the antibodies.
-
-
- Therapies: Investigational
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Researchers are trying to develop a test that will identify the
- Lyme disease bacteria in patients who have not yet developed the
- antibodies. This would enable doctors to diagnose Lyme disease very
- early in the course of the illness.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available
- through July 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not
- possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely
- current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the
- Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.